Social Science and Human Research Bulletin

This study aims to examine the effect of employee engagement and work-life balance on employee performance, both directly and indirectly through organizational commitment as a mediating variable, at Perumda Air Minum Panca Mahottama, Klungkung Regency. The study is motivated by several indications of suboptimal employee performance during the 2022–2024 period, including a high level of non-revenue water, unmet targets for new customer connections, and a high rate of unexplained employee absenteeism. The population consists of all 171 permanent employees of the company, all of whom were used as respondents through a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS. The strength of the mediating role was tested using the Variance Accounted For (VAF) method. The results show that employee engagement and work-life balance each have a positive and significant effect on both organizational commitment and employee performance; organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on employee performance; and organizational commitment is proven to partially mediate the effect of employee engagement on employee performance (VAF = 50.9%) as well as the effect of work-life balance on employee performance (VAF = 37.0%). These findings emphasize the importance of jointly strengthening work engagement, work-life balance, and organizational commitment to optimize employee performance in a regional water utility company.

Employee Engagement, Work-Life Balance, Organizational Commitment, Employee Performance.

1. Abdirahman, H.I.H., Najeemdeen, I.S., Abidemi, B.T., and Ahmad, R.B., 2018, The Relationship between Job Satisfaction, Work-life Balance and Organizational Commitment on Employee Performance, Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 10, No. 30, pp. 122–129.
2. Ahakwa, I., Yang, J., Tackie, E.A., and Atingabili, S., 2021, The Influence of Employee Engagement, Work Environment and Job Satisfaction on Organizational Commitment and Performance of Employees: A Sampling Weights in PLS Path Modelling, SEISENSE Journal of Management, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 34–62.
3. Allen, N.J., 2001, Organizational Commitment, in Anderson, N., Ones, D.S., Sinangil, H.K., and Viswesvaran, C. (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 2, SAGE Publications, London, pp. 228–244.
4. Ardiansyah, C.A., and Surjanti, J., 2020, The Effect of Work-life Balance on Employee Performance through Organizational Commitment among Employees of PT. Bhinneka Life Indonesia, Surabaya Branch, Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 1271–1283.
5. Arikunto, S., 2010, Prosedur Penelitian: Suatu Pendekatan Praktik, revised edition, Rineka Cipta, Jakarta.
6. Armstrong, M., 2014, A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 13th edition, Kogan Page, London.
7. Aziez, A., 2022, The Effect of Employee Engagement on Employee Performance with Job Satisfaction and Compensation as Mediating Role, International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, Vol. 6, No. 7, pp. 255–268.
8. Azizah, N., Dewi, R.R., and Fitriyah, N., 2023, The Effect of Work-Life Balance on Organizational Commitment and Its Implications for Job Satisfaction, Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 45–58.
9. Bakker, A.B., and Demerouti, E., 2008, Towards a Model of Work Engagement, Career Development International, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 209–223.
10. Baron, R.M., and Kenny, D.A., 1986, The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 1173–1182.
11. Barney, J.B., 1991, Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 71–101.
12. BPKP, 2022, Performance Evaluation Report of Perumda Air Minum Panca Mahottama, Fiscal Year 2022, Finance and Development Supervisory Agency, Bali Provincial Representative Office, Denpasar.
13. BPKP, 2023, Performance Evaluation Report of Perumda Air Minum Panca Mahottama, Fiscal Year 2023, Finance and Development Supervisory Agency, Bali Provincial Representative Office, Denpasar.
14. BPKP, 2024, Performance Evaluation Report of Perumda Air Minum Panca Mahottama, Fiscal Year 2024, Finance and Development Supervisory Agency, Bali Provincial Representative Office, Denpasar.
15. Cahyani, A., Aisha, A.N., and Prasetio, A.P., 2024, The Effect of Work-life Balance on Employee Performance (Case Study at PT. Kamiidea Indonesia), Jurnal Manajemen dan Organisasi, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 77–90.
16. Colquitt, J.A., LePine, J.A., and Wesson, M.J., 2015, Organizational Behavior: Improving Performance and Commitment in the Workplace, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Education, New York.
17. Creswell, J.W., 2014, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 4th edition, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
18. Dajani, M.A.Z., 2015, The Impact of Employee Engagement on Job Performance and Organisational Commitment in the Egyptian Banking Sector, Journal of Business and Management Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 138–147.
19. Devi, N.P.A.S., Sudibi, I.G.A., and Adnyana, I.G., 2020, The Effect of Employee Engagement on Employee Performance through Organizational Commitment as a Mediating Variable, Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 80–95.
20. Dessler, G., 2015, Human Resource Management, 14th edition, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
21. Dwitanti, E., Murwani, F.D., and Siswanto, E., 2023, The Effect of Work-life Balance on Employee Performance through Work Stress and Workload, Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 55–72.
22. Ekhsan, M., Lastariwati, B., and Fachrunnizam, M., 2020, The Effect of Employee Engagement on Employee Performance through Organizational Commitment as a Mediating Variable, Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Bisnis, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 48–60.
23. Fauziah, R.D., and Rozana, A., 2024, The Effect of Work-life Balance on Organizational Commitment among Firefighters, Jurnal Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 101–113.
24. Greenhaus, J.H., and Beutell, N.J., 1985, Sources of Conflict between Work and Family Roles, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 76–88.
25. Guest, D.E., 2002, Perspectives on the Study of Work-life Balance, Social Science Information, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 255–279.
26. Habibah, U., Prasetyowati, A., Mardiana, N., and Halimah, L., 2024, The Effect of Flexible Working Arrangement and Employee Engagement on Employee Performance with Work-life Balance as an Intervening Variable, Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 33–47.
27. Hair, J.F., Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., and Sarstedt, M., 2017, A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), 2nd edition, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
28. Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., and Sarstedt, M., 2021, A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), 3rd edition, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
29. Hasibuan, M.S.P., 2016, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, revised edition, Bumi Aksara, Jakarta.
30. Hayes, A.F., 2018, Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 2nd edition, The Guilford Press, New York.
31. Hutagalung, I., Fauzi, A., Lesmana, M.T., and Sandi, F., 2020, The Role of Work-life Balance for Organizational Commitment, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 2339–2346.
32. Kahn, W.A., 1990, Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 692–724.
33. Kerlinger, F.N., 1986, Foundations of Behavioral Research, 3rd edition, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
34. Klein, H.J., Wesson, M.J., Hollenbeck, J.R., Wright, P.M., and DeShon, R.P., 2001, The Assessment of Goal Commitment: A Measurement Model Meta-Analysis, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 32–55.
35. Linggiallo, H., Hapzi, H., Djaelani, A., and Alam, A.S., 2021, The Effect of Predictor Variables on Employee Engagement and Organizational Commitment and Employee Performance, Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 1199–1210.
36. Locke, E.A., 1968, Toward a Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 157–189.
37. Locke, E.A., and Latham, G.P., 1990, A Theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
38. Locke, E.A., and Latham, G.P., 2002, Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation, American Psychologist, Vol. 57, No. 9, pp. 705–717.
39. Mangkunegara, A.A.A.P., 2017, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia Perusahaan, 12th edition, Remaja Rosdakarya, Bandung.
40. Mathis, R.L., and Jackson, J.H., 2011, Human Resource Management, 13th edition, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.
41. Meyer, J.P., and Allen, N.J., 1991, A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment, Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 61–89.
42. Mulatta, D.S., and Waskito, J., 2024, The Effect of Work-life Balance on Employee Performance with Organizational Commitment as a Mediating Variable, Jurnal Manajemen, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 72–87.
43. Narmatha, N., and Amutha, S., 2023, A Study about the Influence of Employee Engagement on Organizational Commitment among the Employees in Health Sector, International Journal of Health Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 6578–6591.
44. Nawawi, H.H., 2011, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Bisnis yang Kompetitif, 4th edition, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.
45. Nugraha, R., and Hermina, N., 2024, The Effect of Work-life Balance on Job Satisfaction through Organizational Commitment at Yayasan Al-Ma'soem, Jurnal Sains Manajemen, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 88–102.
46. Ramdhani, D.Y., and Rasto, 2021, Work-Life Balance as a Factor Influencing Employee Performance, Journal of Office Administration: Education and Practice, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 44–54.
47. Robbins, S.P., and Judge, T.A., 2017, Organizational Behavior, 17th edition, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
48. Saha, M., De, A., and Ghosh, M., 2024, Employee Performance through the Lens of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction: A Focus on IT Companies in Kolkata, International Journal of Management, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 78–93.
49. Saks, A.M., 2006, Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagement, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 600–619.
50. Saputra, I.M.D.J.M., and Gorda, A.A.N.O.S., 2024, The Effect of Work-life Balance on Employee Performance and Organizational Commitment at Rural Banks (BPR) in Denpasar City, E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 189–204.
51. Sari, M., 2021, The Effect of Employee Engagement on Employee Performance through Organizational Commitment at Raden Mattaher Regional Hospital, Jambi, Jurnal Sains Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 38–50.
52. Schaufeli, W.B., and Bakker, A.B., 2004, Job Demands, Job Resources, and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 293–315.
53. Sekaran, U., and Bougie, R., 2016, Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach, 7th edition, Wiley, New York.
54. Sentoso, A., and Muchsinati, E.S., 2024, Determining Employee Engagement and Its Influence on Employee Performance at Holding State-Owned Enterprises Insurance and Guarantees Riau Islands Region, International Journal of Science and Society, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 45–62.
55. Septiani, R., and Jaya, R.C., 2024, The Effect of Work-life Balance and Job Competence on Organizational Commitment at PT XYZ, R&D Division, Bandung, Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 55–68.
56. Sugiyono, 2019, Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D, 23rd edition, Alfabeta, Bandung.
57. Sutiyem, Ekowati, V.M., Supriyanto, A.S., and Muhdlor, A.Z., 2020, The Impact of Job Satisfaction and Employee Engagement on Organizational Commitment, International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, Vol. 11, No. 10, pp. 406–420.
58. Syarifin, M.H., and Atmaja, H.E., 2023, The Influence of Organizational Commitment, Organizational Culture and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance: A Literature Study, International Journal of Educational Research and Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 374–381.
59. Tarmizi, A., and Anggiani, S., 2022, Organizational Commitment, Employee Engagement, and Employee Performance: A Literature Review, Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 143–153.
60. Valery, M.B., Santati, P., and Hadjri, I., 2021, The Effect of Work-life Balance on Employee Performance, Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1–12.
61. Wibowo, 2016, Manajemen Kinerja, 5th edition, Rajawali Pers, Jakarta.
62. Wolor, C.W., Kurnianti, D., Zahra, S.F., and Martono, S., 2020, The Importance of Work-life Balance on Employee Performance Millennial Generation in Indonesia, Journal of Critical Reviews, Vol. 7, No. 19, pp. 666–673.
63. Xiaoli, S., 2024, Work-life Balance, Employee Engagement and Performance: Evidence from Employees in Shanghai, Asia Pacific Management Review, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 99–110.